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KPV is a naturally occurring tripeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

Supplements Omega-3 Fatty Acids : Known for their anti-inflammatory properties

Jin C, Wang K, Oppong-Gyebi A, Hu J

Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(11):9961007 Saab S, Suraweera D, Au J, Saab EG, Alper TS, Tong MJ (2016) Probiotics are helpful in hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

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Mechanistically, intranasally administered agents may be absorbed through the olfactory epithelium or trigeminal nerve endings and transported to the brain via extracellular diffusion and intracellular axonal pathways, which may partially bypass BBB-related constraints (Raghav et al., 2023