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It is synthesized from three amino acids in two ATP-dependent steps, beginning with the formation of a peptide bond between -glutamate and cysteine by -glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) and the subsequent addition of glycine, catalyzed by glutathione synthetase (GSH2) (Figure 1: GSH biosynthesis) [20]

They can actually be categorized in 3 groups of enzymes: the writers, erasers, and readers

The toxicity increased with the increase in the sulfadiazine concentration extracted by HF-LPME at different pH values, suggesting that the HF-LPME extracted concentration can be used to estimate the toxicity of sulfadiazine independent of the ambient pH, that was the concentrations of sulfadiazine in the test solutions measured by HF-LPME and the corresponding immobilization-concentration-response equation were used to calculate the immobilization ratio

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This change can have profound effects on the affected proteins, such as alterations in their function, stability, or localization [14]