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Finally, we highlight major limitations in the current evidencesuch as heterogeneous dosing regimens, the scarcity of long-term clinical data, and insufficient mechanistic validation under MASLD conditionsand propose directions for future translational research

Oxidative stress the increase in free radicals induces the over-expression of fibrogenic cytokines and augmented transcription and synthesis of collagen

Ethics declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate All data sources used in this study received approval from institutional review boards and obtained informed consent from all participants [19, 20]

A 2018 meta-analysis of 14 studies with over 1,000 participants found that chitosan, when paired with a calorie-restricted diet and exercise, led to a modest weight loss of about 1 kg over several weeks compared to a placebo group, which actually gained 1.5 kg in some cases

Frezza, C

Propionyl- L -carnitine reduces proliferation and potentiates Bax-related apoptosis of aortic intimal smooth muscle cells by modulating nuclear factor-kappaB activity