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Furthermore, gene expression analysis of adipocytes differentiated from lipedema-derived stem cells (derived from Stages 13 of lipedema) revealed a significant upregulation of adipogenic markers, such as leptin and PPAR-, compared to healthy non-lipedema adipocytes suggesting an increased adipogenic differentiation potential in lipedema tissue ( Similar to obesity, researchers have observed increased collagen content in lipedema tissue, indicating that fibrosis is also a characteristic of lipedema (Kruppa et al., 2023)

The lactulose/mannitol test (L/M test), the most popular sugar test, assesses small intestinal permeability by measuring the excretion of these substances in the urine

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Notably, pathways such as the mTORAMPK, TFEBCLEAR, and p62Keap1Nrf2 axes act as central nodes that integrate upstream environmental and intracellular cues into coherent autophagic responses