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how old you have to be to buy cigarettes Legal smoking age California's smoking age goes up

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The primary outcomes used to evaluate health warnings include their ability to attract attention, comprehension, credibility, novelty, personal identification, and emotional appeal.16 42 59 63 67 Negative emotions, such as fear, may be particularly important in the effectiveness of large pictorial warnings given the importance of emotional arousal in message acceptance.90 91 Negative emotional reactions to cigarette health warnings have been associated with increases in key outcomes such as intentions to quit, thinking about health risks or engaging in cessation behaviour.55 62 69 92 For example, a Canadian study found that approximately half of smokers reported at least some fear, disgust or anger in response to the pictorial health, and levels of fear and disgust were associated with an increase in cessation behaviour at follow-up.69 An experimental study conducted in the USA found that pictorial warnings were associated with greater negative emotions than US style text warnings, and that these emotions were associated with more negative attitudes towards smoking.92 Other negative emotions such as disgust may also play a role in message acceptance for graphic pictorial health warnings, although this has yet to be explored in the context of package warnings.9395 Graphic depictions of disease appear to be the most reliable way to elicit negative emotional reactions to health warnings.37 42 54 59 61 62 64 65 67 69 74 96 For example, research conducted in Canada with 40 focus groups to test new health warning concepts concluded that: Participants in all groups consistently expected or wanted to be shocked by HWMs [Health Warning Messages], or emotionally affected in some way

how old you have to be to buy cigarettes Legal smoking age California's smoking age goes up

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how old you have to be to buy cigarettes Legal smoking age California's smoking age goes up

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how old you have to be to buy cigarettes Legal smoking age California's smoking age goes up

Equal parts pop art and playful commentary, it's the kind of piece that brings personality to a gallery wall, bar, or powder room

how old you have to be to buy cigarettes Legal smoking age California's smoking age goes up

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