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Although the primary biological actions ascribed to intact GLP-1 are mediated by a single GLP-1 receptor [28], GLP-1 is rapidly cleaved by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) into GLP-1(9-36) [29], which exhibits its own biological activities (albeit not insulin secretion any more) [30,31], and thus intact GLP-1 exhibits a short half-life of one to two minutes in the circulation [32]

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High cost and insurance restrictions are common, with many plans requiring step therapy, higher BMI, or documented inability to lose weight by other methods before approval. Do GLP-1 drugs replace the need for arthritis or autoimmune medications

Data on whether tirzepatide lowers cardiovascular outcomes is not expected until 2025

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