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Perimenopause represents a phase of profound endocrine remodeling, during which rapid and irregular fluctuations in sex hormones, particularly E2 and progesterone, markedly impact brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, involved in mood regulation (48)

& Dice, J

& Hughes, R

Mitochondrial stress induced by continuous stimulation under hypoxia rapidly drives T cell exhaustion

The selenium-thyroid-testosterone connection becomes particularly important for ageing men, as this mineral supports hormone production whilst combating age-related oxidative stress

Consequently, targeting redox signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy